4 . Explaining U.S. immigration, 19711998. Human migration: Theory, models and empirical studies. Department of Demography, University of Montreal, and Oppenheimer Chair in Public International Law, McGill University, Canada. First, political factors have been studied mainly in cases of refugee movements; second, the effect of migration on diversity, in terms of the relations between minorities and majorities, is a key political issue at the heart of the identity debate. Borjas, G. (1990). Economic Inquiry, 26, 2341. For Borjas, there are two opposing views about how immigration affects the native labour market. In an evolutionist perspective, these societies will develop if they adopt more modern structures and the attitudes that underpin them. (1982). Hence, the massive arrival of immigrants from low-wage countries over the last fifteen years must be interpreted in the light of these transformations. The most problematic aspect of these studies is of a methodological nature. 1987:102; Sjaastad, 1962:85). In a, There is an arising consensus on the empirical importance of temporary labour migration. A theory of social interaction. In an introductory chapter, of which this article is an abridged and slightly revised version, he places these founding texts in their historical perspective. Dichos textos estn al origen de avances significativos en la explicacin de las migraciones, de sus causas y de sus efectos. Classification JEL: C31, J61, R31. In the human capital theory, migration is considered as an investment in the human agent which involves costs and returns (Sjaastad 1962 ). The discourse of the extreme far-right political parties emerging in many parts of the world is based, among other things, upon an anti-immigration stance, sometimes linked to Islamophobia. First, he proposes to incorporate migration into the general theory of demographic transition. In G. Borjas & J. Our Natalia Banulescu-Bogdan discusses with researcher Justin Gest (author of "Majority Minority") the ways in which the confluence of polarization, nationalism, and immigration seen today can be interpreted. Vous avez t dconnect car votre compte est utilis partir d'un autre appareil. 44Migration theories do not serve solely to understand and explain, but also to justify migration policy choices. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-2116-0_2, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-2116-0_2, eBook Packages: Business and EconomicsEconomics and Finance (R0). The movements of migrants clearly are in the appropriate direction, but we do not know whether the numbers are sufficient to be efficient in correcting income disparities as they emerge. (1776[1937]). 33George Borjas (1990*) was a key figure of research in this area. These predictions are implied by the first derivatives of the emigration rate with respect to each of its six determinants. It is founded on the basic premise that well-managed migration can be positive for everyone: the countries of origin and destination, and the migrants themselves (hence the famous slogan win-win-win). A life-cycle empirical analysis of migration and climate, by race. A model of labour migration and urban unemployment in less developed countries. The text by Zolberg, Suhrke and Aguayo (1986*) looks at refugee migration, a form of migration that was very common throughout the twentieth century and remains so today. 26For Stephen Castles and Godula Kosack (1972*), immigration has become a structural necessity in response to the needs of western capitalism. Shaping the world economy. Micro-individual theories focusing on economic rationality and the notion of equilibrium were pitted against macro-structural theories centred on demand for migrant labour generated by developments in the world capitalist economy (Wood, 1982). His text highlights some of the inadequacies of existing migration policies and practices, and argues in favour of a more comprehensive, balanced and transparent multilateral regime to manage migration. We analyze the dynamics of labor migration and the insurance role of remittances in a two-country, real business cycle framework. 34One of the conceptual weaknesses of research on migrant economic integration, in both developed and developing countries, is to consider the labour market as unique. 6 Without doubt, Sjaastad's greatest contribution was to introduce the notion of human capital into migration theory to get around the problem of estimating returns. Self-selection and the earnings of immigrants. In C. Gorter, P. Nijkamp, & J. Poot (Eds. Geneva: International Labour Organization. Remittances may thus be used unproductively, and making them more productive is a leitmotif of future research. The migration of labor. Taylor, J. 1. In fact, even if these workers receive market wages (which is not necessarily the case), the maintenance costs linked to socioeconomic integration are kept to a minimum by depriving them of citizenship rights. In his 1977 JPE article with Daniel Wisecarver "The Social Cost of Public Finance" (Sjaastad, 1977), Larry developed a highly innovative normative theory of government that This theoretical construct stresses the gender division of labour, which forces women to assume the majority of household tasks and places them in a subordinate position, restricting their geographical mobility in places of origin, or confining them to insecure jobs in places of destination. Because native workers and immigrants are not interchangeable in the production process. It is a pioneering study which aims to clarify the various definitions and typologies and, above all, to place migration theories in their historical context. Journal of Political Economy, 64, 416425. Economic theory and international migration. Drawing on the theory of labour market segmentation as developed by Michael Piore (1979), the authors describe three modes of incorporation. Before deciding to leave their place of residence, individuals examine the costs and benefits of migrating. somlim "" . Journal of Urban Economics, 6, 135147. (2007). 29The authors mention that seasonal migrants may start sending remittances quite soon after arrival, and this idea has been taken up by several authors, including Portes (2009) who, in his research overview, concludes that temporary migration is the form of migration with the greatest positive effects. Challenging the postulate of the rational actor maximizing interests under market forces, Burawoy introduced political and structural factors. Research on the effects of migration is in turn fragmented, between macro and micro approaches, and between the contexts of developed and developing countries. Journal of Regional Science, 25, 521544. Migration is not, therefore, an isolated strategy, but ties in with other demographic behaviours (Gregory and Piche?, 1985; Mertens, 1995). Lancaster, K. (1966). Well-being over time in Britain and the USA. 41The growing diversity of societies is a major consequence of migration and raises key challenges for managing social, racial and ethnic differences. International Economic Review, 19, 6581. Roback, J. The text by Georges Tapinos (2000*) is an exception, and his study of irregular migration provides a useful complement to the analyses of Bimal Ghosh. An interpretation of the effects of age on migration: Nordic migrants choice of settlement in Sweden. The second dimension, on the other hand, has become a central issue, focusing on three questions: How does immigration affect the earnings and labour market opportunities of native residents? Burda, M. (1993). Regional and urban perspectives on international migration: an overview. They also stated that there is no all-encompassing theory to explain international migration. For a very recent and thorough review specifically of the literature on rural to urban internal migration in LDCs, see Lall, Selod, and Shalizi (2006). A selection of papers, articles and book chapters spanning several decades, many of which were first written in English, have been translated into French and brought together in a book published by INED as part of a new series devoted to the founding texts of demographic theory. Are third world emigration forces abating? Harris, J., & Todaro, M. (1970). Happiness: Lessons from a new science. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. They include, for example, the notion of specialization in particular skills and occupations that prefigures the hypothesis of labour market segmentation advanced by Portes (1981) among others, and which will be discussed below. Cloud State University, St. PICH Victor, Les thories migratoires contemporaines au prisme des textes fondateurs. For Tapinos, it is employers who benefit the most. Unfortunately, scientific research on this type of migration is scarce. 19Up to this point, the migration literature focused essentially on men. American Economic Review, 69, 106116. Family migration decisions. The work of Alan Simmons (1995, 2002) is an exception, establishing an explicit link between the historical development of migration patterns, their social and economic significance, and the various phases in the development of capitalism and globalization. Another important notion in Masseys text is the distinction between the processes that initiate migration and those that maintain it. w7487. 47Rather than addressing the root causes that generate or fuel pressures for disorderly migration in sending countries or that attract migrants to the receiving ones through irregular channels, governments have responded by adopting repressive and restrictive measures. 15As mentioned earlier, a characteristic inherent to the systemic approach is that of circular migration, a notion theorized by Burawoy (1976*). But it also affects the levels of analysis, be it micro, macro or meso. Burda, M. (1995). A gendered approach to migration decision-making rounds off this analysis. While the determinants of persecution, based on the Geneva Conventions definition of refugees, are internal to the country in question, external effects may also exist in the form of factors that aggravate economic and social conditions, thereby increasing the likelihood of conflicts that generate refugee movements. Polachek, S., & Horvath, F. (1977). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. He points up the absence of appropriate policies to address the new challenges of migration, notably the build-up of emigration pressure due to mounting inequalities. (1989). Here, migration is no longer seen in terms of permanent rupture, and attention focuses rather on the links that are maintained between the home society and the host society, since migrants lives cut across national boundaries and bring two societies into a single social field. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. At the outset, the creation of markets in developing regions progressively disrupts traditional patterns of social and economic organization and generates conditions conducive to migration. An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations. Neoclassical Theory of Migration One of the oldest and most commonly used theory used to explain migration is the Neoclassical theory of Migration. . Sjaastad, (1962) presented Human capital theory, in which migration is defined as individual's investment decision (cited by Bauer and Zimmermann, 1999) because individual increases employment perspective or/and uses opportunities of foreign education. Last, he notes that the increase in migration may also be due to migration itself, given that the first waves of migrants overcome the intervening obstacles, making it easier for subsequent waves to follow in their path. Theory of migration One of the wealth of nations deciding to leave their place of,. 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